Opioids are essential for the management of perioperative pain as well as palliative treatment of cancer pain. However, chronic administering of opioids may cause a reduction in the analgesic effect (tolerance), and lead to paradoxical hyperalgesia (opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH)) and subsequent physical dependency.2,24,47 More specifically, OIH is often associated with a requirement for increased, and often long-term, administering of opioids, which worsen tolerance, resulting in physical and mental dependence.
from The Journal of Pain https://ift.tt/39F0EwG
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