Psychological interventions for chronic pain have a longstanding history of empirical support.26 Support for psychological approaches can be found in both systematic reviews18,29,33 and meta-analyses.22,45 Two successive meta-analyses sponsored by the Cochrane Collaboration have, however, indicated that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological approaches for chronic pain have only small to moderate benefits, especially at follow-up.13,57 Thus, there is an inconsistency in the literature, where one conclusion from the extant research is that psychological approaches for chronic pain work reasonably well while some meta-analytic results of RCTs suggests that psychological approaches have only limited effectiveness.
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