Spinal DN-9, a peptidic multifunctional opioid/neuropeptide FF agonist produced potent nontolerance forming analgesia with limited side effects

Pain is one of the leading characteristics of injuries and nearly all diseases. Chronic pain presents a major health burden, and millions of individuals are suffering from various pains worldwide.1,8,14 According to the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) in 2008, in the United States, approximately 100 million adults were affected by chronic pain and the economic cost of pain was estimated to be between $560 and $635 billion annually.13 A large number of analgesics, including non-opioid analgesics (e.g., COX-2 inhibitors and other nonselective NSAIDs, acetaminophen, ketamine, and ketorolac) and opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine, fentanyl, etorphine, sufentanil, and hydromorphone), have been approved.

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