Accumulating findings demonstrate the pain reducing effects of placebo analgesia21 and pain enhancing effects of nocebo hyperalgesia.31 Literature suggests that the placebo and nocebo effects are triggered by expectations which in turn can be induced by communication (verbal suggestions) or by classical conditioning.3,5,11 Positive expectations induced by verbal suggestions have been shown to induce robust reductions in pain in experimental and clinical settings,21 while expectations of negative treatment outcomes were associated with higher pain ratings.
from The Journal of Pain https://ift.tt/2ZRCyIe
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