Learning processes and pain have been linked for decades. The pioneer work by B.F. Skinner69 has been applied to pain science by Wilbert Fordyce who suggested that operant conditioning, one of the basic learning processes, may explain the chronification of pain by external contingencies of reinforcement28,30. In this framework, pain behaviour – when reinforced – persists beyond the period in which it is biologically required to support healing processes. In contrast to Pavlovian conditioning – previously suggested as a mechanism of chronic pain60 – operant conditioning controls behaviors by their consequences rather than their antecedents, and can be driven by positive or negative punishment as well as positive or negative reinforcement delivered in varied schedules, such as partial or continuous19.
from The Journal of Pain http://bit.ly/2Hx2ULJ
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