Communicating pain to others increases the likeliness that one will receive help.20 Facial expression is very effective with respect to that endeavor.66 In fact, a set of facial movements has been observed to occur under various pain conditions43 with enough consistency to allow the recognition of pain in others.31,39,44,58 This set includes “brow lowering”, “tightening and closing of the eyelids”, and “nose wrinkling/upper lip raising”.43,45,46 The specific combination in which these movements appear in the face of someone experiencing pain is however subject to individual variations,29 with “tightening and closing of the eyelids” being the most frequently observed feature across individuals.
from The Journal of Pain http://bit.ly/2TEcdui
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