Psychosocial approaches often focus on cognitive and emotional factors to help understand the variation in men and women's pain19,20. For example, anxiety has been found to be more strongly related to pain in men, whereas depression has a stronger relationship with pain in women17,36,44. In experimental studies, focusing attention on pain sensations has also been shown to increase the pain thresholds of men more than women 34, 35, whereas women report more negative pain thoughts, greater negative appraisals of body signals, and higher cognitive intrusion from pain33,49.
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