The role of the observers’ perception of a model's self-confidence in observationally induced placebo analgesia

Observational learning has been shown to be involved in both pain induction and modulation 11,12,17, which has important consequences for the development, prevention and management of various pain syndromes 17. Growing evidence shows that observational learning is also effective in producing placebo effects. In previous studies, placebo analgesia 10,13,19,29,32 and nocebo hyperalgesia 31,34,35 were powerfully induced by observing another person experiencing analgesia or hyperalgesia, respectively.

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