Hide your Pain: Social Threat Increases Pain Reports and Aggression, but Reduces Facial Pain Expression and Empathy

Social context can profoundly alter the experience and communication of pain9,21,32 and it has been proposed to explicitly acknowledge the social dimension in the very definition of pain.73 Social context can be harnessed to alleviate pain and facilitate coping with pain, for instance via social support5,27 but much less is known about the effects of social contexts that are perceived as threatening,28 even though people with chronic pain frequently feel excluded,48 stigmatized,49,74 treated unfairly,38,51,56 and invalidated.

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