Do pain measurement instruments detect the effect of pain-reducing interventions in neonates? A systematic review on responsiveness

Worldwide, more than 15 million children a year are born prematurely and this number is rising.43 In the NICU setting they are at risk of acute pain; one study reported a mean number of 11.4 painful procedures per day during the first 14 day.35 They are also at risk of prolonged or chronic pain from, for example, skin conditions, gastro-intestinal conditions, inflammation and the aftermath of surgery.2,3

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