Interaction between reinforcement and inhibitory control in ADHD: A review and research guidelines

Situational but not dispositional pain catastrophizing correlates with early postoperative pain in pain-free patients before surgery

Pain catastrophizing may be assessed as a dispositional measure using a previous painful experience as a reference or as a situational measure using an actual ongoing pain as a reference. The latter has shown more robust correlations with pain-related outcomes; the relative influence of dispositional and situational pain catastrophizing remains unknown in relation to populations with no pain prior to surgery. Forty-two consecutive patients undergoing corrective surgery for funnel chest were asked to complete the Pain Catastrophizing Scale with reference to (1) a previous painful experience (dispositional pain catastrophizing); (2) experimental pain during a two-minute cold pressor test (situational-experimental pain catastrophizing); and (3) clinical pain three days after surgery (situational-clinical pain catastrophizing) to investigate whether these measures predicted immediate pain intensity and unpleasantness in the early postoperative period.

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Not a typical case of bilateral knee osteoarthritis

A 64 year old woman presented to our clinic with intermittent bilateral knee pain for several years. She described her pain as mild, diffuse, both improved and worsened with walking, and occasionally...

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Smaller amplitude of H-reflex in females with patellofemoral pain: Thinking outside proximal, local and distal factors

Lacosamide inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide production and release at trigeminal level in the rat

Abstract

Background

Several classes of drugs are effective in prevention and treatment of migraine, although they may differ among each other in their mode of action and in indications. One such class is represented by antiepileptics. Lacosamide is an approved antiepileptic drug that also shows antinociceptive activity in animal models, including analgesic efficacy in central and trigeminal pain. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is considered the main neuro-mediator of trigeminal signalling, playing an essential role in headache, migraine in particular. Here, we investigated the effects of lacosamide on CGRP signalling in both in vitro and ex vivo/vitro models in the rat.

Methods

We assessed: (1) CGRP released from brainstem explants at baseline or after pharmacological challenges; and (2) CGRP levels in brain areas after in vivo treatments with test drugs.

Results

We found that: (1) lacosamide inhibits CGRP release from brainstem explants under basal conditions as well as after stimulation by 56 mM KCl, 10 μM veratridine or 1 μM capsaicin; and (2) the i.p. administration of nitroglycerine produces an increase in CGRP levels in the brainstem and trigeminal ganglia, which is inhibited by a pre-treatment with lacosamide.

Conclusions

These findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting that lacosamide is able to control pain transmission under conditions affecting the trigeminal system, such as migraine.

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-derived bulleyaconitine A exhibits anti-hypersensitivity through direct stimulating dynorphin A expression in spinal microglia

Aconitine and its structurally-related diterpenoid alkaloids have been shown to interact differentially with neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channels, which was suggested to be responsible for their analgesia and toxicity. Bulleyaconitine A (BAA or BLA) is an aconitine analog and has been prescribed for the management of pain. The present study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of BAA on pain hypersensitivity and morphine anti-nociceptive tolerance, and explore whether the expression of dynorphin A in spinal microglia was responsible for its actions.

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Effects of Leg-Press Training with Moderate Vibration on Muscle Strength, Pain, and Function after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial