Placebo effects occur when an inert substance/treatment procedure induces beneficial psychological/physical change60,90. A significant amount of research investigating the placebo effect is in the realm of pain and analgesia. These researches provided evidence of placebo analgesic response18,75,97, and the magnitude of placebo analgesia varied across studies19,94,96. Researchers had identified several key variables that modulate the placebo responses. For example, researchers have surmised that positive expectancies, introduced through various strategies such as verbal suggestion4,78,96, conditioning67,80 and social observation,22 contributed to placebo analgesia.
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