Integrated behavioral treatment for Veterans with co-morbid chronic pain and hazardous opioid use: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Chronic pain, defined as pain that persists longer than three months, is common, costly, and debilitating.10,26,35,50 The preponderance of the available evidence suggests that problems associated with chronic pain have been exacerbated by exponential increases in prescribed opioids over the past few decades.3,4 Overall opioid prescription rates have doubled in this century, from 11% to 20% of all pain-related ambulatory and office-based medical visits, while overall rates of pain as a primary symptom and prescription rates of non-opioid analgesics remained unchanged.

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