Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a major public health problem, associated with disabling physical and emotional consequences for patients and with significant costs related to medical treatment and lost worker productivity.16 Use of opioid analgesics to treat chronic pain has increased dramatically in recent years,7,25 paralleled by increases in opioid-related harms, including addiction and death.1,23,34 While harms of opioids have become apparent, evidence for long-term effectiveness of opioids for chronic pain is lacking; a recent systematic review found no randomized trials that examined effects of opioids on pain, function, or quality of life at one year or longer.
from The Journal of Pain https://ift.tt/2Fps20s
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