Friday, July 31, 2015
Role of Prelimbic GABAergic Circuits in Sensory and Emotional Aspects of Neuropathic Pain.
COMT gene locus: new functional variants.
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia.
Resubmission of 13658: Is regular systemic opioid analgesia associated with shorter survival in adult patients with canc...
Systematic Review of the FLACC scale for assessing pain in infants and children: is it reliable, valid, and feasible for...
Decreased Pain Sensitivity Among People with Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Experimental Pain Induction Studies.
Identification of Spinal Cord MicroRNA and Gene Signatures in a Model of Chronic Stress-Induced Visceral Hyperalgesia in...
Are children the better placebo analgesia responders? An experimental approach.
Measuring therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: preliminary development and validation of the Treatment-induced Neuropa...
Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Patients with Acute Low Back Pain.
Moving towards conscious pain processing detection in chronic disorder of consciousness: the Anterior Cingulate Cortex n...
Nerve injury and neuropathic pain - a question of age.
Novel 10-kHz High-frequency Therapy (HF10 Therapy) Is Superior to Traditional Low-frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for ...
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Neuropathic Pain Phenotype Does Not Involve the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its End Product Interleukin-1β in the Mice Spared...
Pain: Chronic back pain linked to reduced dopamine function in the striatum.
Metabolic Interplay between Astrocytes and Neurons Regulates Endocannabinoid Action.
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Premature Aging in Fibromyalgia.
Impact of Smoking Cessation on Subsequent Pain Intensity Among Chronically Ill Veterans Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation ...
Differential Contribution of TRPA1, TRPV4 and TRPM8 to Colonic Nociception in Mice.
Analysis of the anti-allodynic effects of combination of a synthetic cannabinoid and a selective noradrenaline re-uptake...
Phantom Limb Pain.
Reliability of Quantitative Sensory Tests in a Low Back Pain Population.
Blockade of non-opioid excitatory effects of spinal dynorphin A at bradykinin receptors.
Do Acute and Chronic Pain Patients Differ on Affirmation of One Aspect of Pain Acceptance? Acknowledgement that a Cure I...
Plasma Exchange Therapy in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.
Stress Increases the Negative Effects of Chronic Pain on Hippocampal Neurogenesis.
Sleep Quality Among People Living with Chronic Non-cancer Pain: Findings from the Pain and Opioids IN Treatment (POINT) ...
Behavioral and molecular processing of visceral pain in the brain of mice: impact of colitis and psychological stress.
A potential anti-allodynic mechanism of GDNF following L5 spinal nerve ligation; Mitigation of NPY up-regulation in the ...
The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) - validation, factor structure and comparison to the Chronic Pain A...
Thursday, July 30, 2015
In sickness and in health: A cross-sectional analysis of concordance for musculoskeletal pain in 13,507 couples
Abstract
Background
Musculoskeletal pain conditions are common and create substantial burden for the individual and society. While research has shown concordance between couples for risk of some diseases, e.g. heart disease or diabetes, little information is available on such effects for musculoskeletal pain conditions. Our aims were to investigate the presence of concordance between couples for consultations about pain, and to examine theoretical influences on such concordance.
Methods
This was a 1-year cross-sectional study of musculoskeletal pain consultations in a UK primary care database. In total 27,014 patients (13,507 couples) aged between 30 and 74 years were included. The main outcome measure was the presence of a musculoskeletal morbidity read code indicating a consultation for musculoskeletal conditions (any, back, neck, knee, shoulder, foot, osteoarthritis). Logistic regression was used to test associations with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
Results
Patients whose partner had a musculoskeletal pain consultation were also more likely to consult for a musculoskeletal condition (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.12–1.32). This association was found to be strongest for shoulder disorders (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.06–3.47). No significant associations were found for other pain conditions.
Conclusion
Results show that partner concordance is present for consultations for some musculoskeletal conditions but not others. Possible explanations for concordance include the shared health behaviours between couples leading to potential heightened awareness of symptoms. Given the high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain within populations, it may be worth considering further the mechanisms that explain partner concordance.
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Femoral neck metastases from malignant melanoma
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In sickness and in health: A cross-sectional analysis of concordance for musculoskeletal pain in 13,507 couples
Abstract
Background
Musculoskeletal pain conditions are common and create substantial burden for the individual and society. While research has shown concordance between couples for risk of some diseases, e.g. heart disease or diabetes, little information is available on such effects for musculoskeletal pain conditions. Our aims were to investigate the presence of concordance between couples for consultations about pain, and to examine theoretical influences on such concordance.
Methods
This was a 1-year cross-sectional study of musculoskeletal pain consultations in a UK primary care database. In total 27,014 patients (13,507 couples) aged between 30 and 74 years were included. The main outcome measure was the presence of a musculoskeletal morbidity read code indicating a consultation for musculoskeletal conditions (any, back, neck, knee, shoulder, foot, osteoarthritis). Logistic regression was used to test associations with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
Results
Patients whose partner had a musculoskeletal pain consultation were also more likely to consult for a musculoskeletal condition (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.12–1.32). This association was found to be strongest for shoulder disorders (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.06–3.47). No significant associations were found for other pain conditions.
Conclusion
Results show that partner concordance is present for consultations for some musculoskeletal conditions but not others. Possible explanations for concordance include the shared health behaviours between couples leading to potential heightened awareness of symptoms. Given the high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain within populations, it may be worth considering further the mechanisms that explain partner concordance.
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Wednesday, July 29, 2015
Altered regional cortical thickness and subcortical volume in women with primary dysmenorrhoea
Abstract
Background
There is emerging evidence that primary dysmenorrhoea (PDM) is associated with altered brain function and structure. However, few studies have investigated changes in regional cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in PDM patients. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in both cortical thickness and subcortical volumes between PDM patients and healthy controls (HCs).
Methods
T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were obtained from 44 PDM patients and 32 HCs matched for age and handedness. Cortical thickness was compared in multiple locations across the continuous cortical surface, and subcortical volumes were compared on a structure-by-structure basis. Correlation analysis was then used to evaluate relationships between the clinical symptoms and abnormal brain structure in PDM.
Results
PDM patients had significantly increased cortical thickness in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula (IN), primary/secondary sensory area (SI/SII), superior temporal cortex (STC), precuneus (pCUN) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Meanwhile, significantly decreased subcortical volumes of the caudate, thalamus and amygdala were found in PDM patients. Moreover, there were significant positive correlations between the PDM-related duration and the OFC, SFC, STC and IN. The MPQ scores were positively correlated with the pCUN.
Conclusions
These findings provide further evidence for grey matter changes in patients with PDM, and in addition, the results support relationships between the structural abnormalities and their role in symptom production. All these results are likely to be potential valuable to provide us with direct information about the neural basis of PDM.
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Epidemiology of painful procedures performed in neonates: A systematic review of observational studies
Abstract
Background and objective
Procedural pain in neonates has been a concern in the last two decades. The purpose of this review was to provide a critical appraisal and a synthesis of the published epidemiological studies about procedural pain in neonates admitted to intensive care units. The aims were to determine the frequency of painful procedures and pain management interventions as well as to identify their predictors.
Databases and data treatment
Academic Search, CINAHL, LILACS, Medic Latina, MEDLINE and SciELO databases were searched for observational studies on procedural pain in neonates admitted to intensive care units. Studies in which neonatal data could not be extracted from the paediatric population were excluded.
Results
Eighteen studies were included in the review. Six studies with the same study duration, the first 14 days of the neonate life or admission in the unit of care, identified 6832 to 42,413 invasive procedures, with an average of 7.5–17.3 per neonate per day. The most frequent procedures were heel lance, suctioning, venepuncture and insertion of peripheral venous catheter. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches were inconsistently applied. Predictors of the frequency of procedures and analgesic use included the neonate's clinical condition, day of unit stay, type of procedure, parental presence and pain assessment. The existence of pain protocols was not a predictor of analgesia.
Conclusions
Painful procedures were performed frequently and often with inadequate pain management. Unlike neonate clinical factors, organizational factors may be modified to promote a context of care more favourable to pain management.
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Neurobiology: Marijuana's good without the bad
Neurobiology: Marijuana's good without the bad
Nature 523, 7562 (2015). doi:10.1038/523504d
Mice treated with marijuana's active component, THC, along with other key molecules, can experience its pain-relieving benefits without the usual memory impairments.THC binds to the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the brain, causing negative effects such as poor memory and anxiety. However, it also affects
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Complex regional pain syndrome
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Tuesday, July 28, 2015
Cervical arterial dissection: an overview and implications for manipulative therapy practice
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Sex, drugs and pain control
Nature Neuroscience 18, 1059 (2015). doi:10.1038/nn.4057
Authors: Victoria E Brings & Mark J Zylka
A study finds that pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice is differentially dependent on microglia and T cells, and describes a sex-specific response to microglia-targeted pain treatments. This sex difference will be important to consider when developing treatments for pain and other neurological disorders involving microglia and immune cells.
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Monday, July 27, 2015
Prevalence and Characteristics of Discogenic Pain in Tertiary Practice: 223 Consecutive Cases Utilizing Lumbar Discography
Abstract
Background
Between 26% and 42% of chronic low back pain is attributed to internal disc disruption of lumbar intervertebral discs. These prevalence estimates and data characterizing discogenic pain originate largely from research at elite practices, conducted 20 years ago. With few studies since, their concordance with rates in community practice has rarely been addressed.
Objective
To assess the prevalence and key features of discogenic pain within community-based tertiary practice, and to evaluate the accuracy and clinical utility of discography.
Design
This prospective, three-year study of 223 consecutive cases of chronic low back pain used image-guided lumbar discography to identify symptomatic and flanking asymptomatic discs. A subset of patients (n = 195) had previously undergone posterior column blocks to investigate spinal facet and/or sacroiliac joints as contributing pain sources.
Results
A total of 644 discs were tested without infection or complication. Positive discograms were recorded in 74% of patients, with 22.9% negative and 3.1% assessed as indeterminate. Among patients receiving both discography and diagnostic blocks, 63% had proven discogenic pain, 18% had pain of mixed etiology and 14% remained undiagnosed. Taking into account all low back pain cases during this study (n = 756), discogenic pain prevalence was 21.8% (95% CI: 17–26%).
Conclusion
The prevalence of discogenic pain in this community practice is below the range, but within confidence intervals, previously reported. Prevalence is considerably elevated, however, among well-selected patients and discography enabled a firm diagnosis in most such cases. These findings are broadly in keeping with those reached in key publications and support the clinical utility of discography.
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Willingness to Use Pain Medication to Treat Pain
Abstract
Objective
Despite the growth of the economic impact of pain and pain management, there remains a lack of knowledge about disparities, especially, evidence regarding individual attitudes and beliefs about accepting pain treatments. This study provides preliminary information on the prevalence of public concerns about pain management and a better understanding of factors that may ultimately lead to improved pain management and treatment adherence.
Methods
Using a cross=sectional survey of community=dwelling adults 18+ in the US, 123 randomly selected respondents were telephone=interviewed in 2012. Principal components factor analysis (PCA) was used to detect statistical groupings of attitudes and beliefs about pain and pain management. The modified Protection Motivation Theory was applied to examine the willingness to use pain medicine.
Results
The five most important components pertained to threat appraisal, coping appraisal, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control. Threat appraisal was the most common factor, and subjective norms was the least common factor. Lower income, more awareness of hospice, and less misconceptions about threat appraisal and attitudes toward pain and pain management were associated with more willingness to use pain medicine in hierarchical regression.
Conclusions
These components are useful for future research on the willingness to use pain medicine and may have implications for assessing cognitive barriers toward pain and pain management among the general public.
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Computer Tablet Distraction in Children Receiving an Injection
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of a computer tablet as a distraction tool for minimizing pain and distress in children undergoing an injection.
Design
Using an experimental design, the subjects were randomly assigned to either participate in tablet distraction or receive no distraction during an injection.
Setting
A pediatric clinic in a small city in the Southeast region of the United States.
Subjects
Forty-one children, ages 4–11 years, who were receiving an immunization and their parents.
Methods
During an injection, children either participated in distraction using a computer tablet or did not receive distraction according to their group assignment. Children's emotional response was assessed using a behavioral observation to examine distress. Pain was also measured using a behavior observation scale. After the injection, children reported the level of pain they felt during the injection.
Results
A significant difference was found for pain, both self-reported and observed, and observed emotions. Children receiving distraction using a tablet displayed significantly higher amounts of pain and negative emotions. Gender differences in pain and emotions were found with females having a significantly higher amount of pain and negative emotions.
Conclusions
The use of a tablet as a distraction was not effective in decreasing pain and distress in children receiving an injection.
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Pain Catastrophizing Predicts Menstrual Pain Ratings in Adolescent Girls with Chronic Pain
Abstract
Objectives
The current study aimed to explore relationships among self-reported menstrual pain ratings, acute laboratory pain, pain catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity in a sample of girls without pain (No Pain group) and girls with a chronic pain condition (Chronic Pain group).
Setting
A laboratory at an off-campus Medical School office building.
Subjects
Eighty-four postmenarchal girls (43 No Pain, 41 Chronic Pain) ages 10–17 participated in the study.
Methods
All participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing menstrual pain, pain catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity and completed a cold pressor task. Pain intensity during the task was rated on a 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain possible) numeric rating scale.
Results
After controlling for age, average menstrual pain ratings (without medication) were significantly correlated with cold pressor pain intensity for the No Pain group only. In the Chronic Pain group, menstrual pain ratings were significantly correlated with pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity. In a multiple linear regression analysis, after controlling for age, only pain catastrophizing emerged as a significant predictor of menstrual pain ratings in the Chronic Pain group.
Conclusion
Results demonstrate differences in relationships among menstrual pain, acute laboratory pain, and psychological variables in girls with no pain compared with girls with chronic pain. In addition, pain catastrophizing may be a particularly salient factor associated with menstrual pain in girls with chronic pain that warrants further investigation.
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Sunday, July 26, 2015
Multifidus Muscle Changes After Back Injury Are Characterized by Structural Remodeling of Muscle, Adipose and Connective Tissue, but Not Muscle Atrophy: Molecular and Morphological Evidence
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Vertebral Bone Marrow Edema (VBME) in Conservatively Treated Acute Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCFs): Evolution and Clinical Correlations
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Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in Patients With Modic Changes: Preliminary Controlled Study
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Validation of the Roland Morris Questionnaire in Colombia to Evaluate Disability in Low Back Pain
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The Neck Disability Index–Russian Language Version (NDI-RU): A Study of Validity and Reliability
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Body space in social interactions: a comparison of reaching and comfort distance in immersive virtual reality.
| Related Articles |
Body space in social interactions: a comparison of reaching and comfort distance in immersive virtual reality.
PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e111511
Authors: Iachini T, Coello Y, Frassinetti F, Ruggiero G
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Do peripersonal space for acting on objects and interpersonal space for interacting with con-specifics share common mechanisms and reflect the social valence of stimuli? To answer this question, we investigated whether these spaces refer to a similar or different physical distance.
METHODOLOGY: Participants provided reachability-distance (for potential action) and comfort-distance (for social processing) judgments towards human and non-human virtual stimuli while standing still (passive) or walking toward stimuli (active).
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Comfort-distance was larger than other conditions when participants were passive, but reachability and comfort distances were similar when participants were active. Both spaces were modulated by the social valence of stimuli (reduction with virtual females vs males, expansion with cylinder vs robot) and the gender of participants.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal that peripersonal reaching and interpersonal comfort spaces share a common motor nature and are sensitive, at different degrees, to social modulation. Therefore, social processing seems embodied and grounded in the body acting in space.
PMID: 25405344 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Can we explain medically unexplained symptoms?
| Related Articles |
Can we explain medically unexplained symptoms?
Fam Pract. 2014 Dec;31(6):623-4
Authors: Burton C
PMID: 25415972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The Human Face as a Dynamic Tool for Social Communication.
The Human Face as a Dynamic Tool for Social Communication.
Curr Biol. 2015 Jul 20;25(14):R621-R634
Authors: Jack RE, Schyns PG
Abstract
As a highly social species, humans frequently exchange social information to support almost all facets of life. One of the richest and most powerful tools in social communication is the face, from which observers can quickly and easily make a number of inferences - about identity, gender, sex, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, physical health, attractiveness, emotional state, personality traits, pain or physical pleasure, deception, and even social status. With the advent of the digital economy, increasing globalization and cultural integration, understanding precisely which face information supports social communication and which produces misunderstanding is central to the evolving needs of modern society (for example, in the design of socially interactive digital avatars and companion robots). Doing so is challenging, however, because the face can be thought of as comprising a high-dimensional, dynamic information space, and this impacts cognitive science and neuroimaging, and their broader applications in the digital economy. New opportunities to address this challenge are arising from the development of new methods and technologies, coupled with the emergence of a modern scientific culture that embraces cross-disciplinary approaches. Here, we briefly review one such approach that combines state-of-the-art computer graphics, psychophysics and vision science, cultural psychology and social cognition, and highlight the main knowledge advances it has generated. In the light of current developments, we provide a vision of the future directions in the field of human facial communication within and across cultures.
PMID: 26196493 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Early Workplace Communication and Problem Solving to Prevent Back Disability: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Among High-Risk Workers and Their Supervisors.
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Early Workplace Communication and Problem Solving to Prevent Back Disability: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Among High-Risk Workers and Their Supervisors.
J Occup Rehabil. 2015 Jul 23;
Authors: Linton SJ, Boersma K, Traczyk M, Shaw W, Nicholas M
Abstract
Purpose There is a clear need for interventions that successfully prevent the development of disability due to back pain. We hypothesized that an intervention aimed at both the worker and the workplace could be effective. Hence, we tested the effects of a new early intervention, based on the misdirected problem solving model, aimed at both workers at risk of long-term impairments and their workplace. Methods Supervisors of volunteers with back pain, no red flags, and a high score on a screen (Örebro Musculoskeletal Screening Questionnaire) were randomized to either an evidence based treatment as usual (TAU) or to a worker and workplace package (WWP). The WWP intervention included communication and problem solving skills for the patient and their immediate supervisor. The key outcome variables of work absence due to pain, health-care utilization, perceived health, and pain intensity were collected before, after and at a 6 month follow up. Results The WWP showed significantly larger improvements relative to the TAU for work absence due to pain, perceived health, and health-care utilization. Both groups improved on pain ratings but there was no significant difference between the groups. The WWP not only had significantly fewer participants utilizing health care and work absence due to pain, but the number of health care visits and days absent were also significantly lower than the TAU. Conclusions The WWP with problem solving and communication skills resulted in fewer days off work, fewer health care visits and better perceived health. This supports the misdirected problem solving model and indicates that screening combined with an active intervention to enhance skills is quite successful and likely cost-effective. Future research should replicate and extend these findings with health-economic analyses.
PMID: 26202039 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The influences of recovery on low back pain development: A theoretical model.
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The influences of recovery on low back pain development: A theoretical model.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015;28(2):253-262
Authors: Mierswa T, Kellmann M
Abstract
Psychologically and physically straining work conditions increase the risk of low back pain (LBP) development. According to recent recovery theories, leisure time recovery can counteract the negative influences of work stress on health. Similarly, a recent empirical work has indicated a moderating role of recovery on the link between stress and health issues. In this paper, a theoretical model is deduced to integrate the moderating effects of recovery on work stress and LBP development. Based on theoretical and empirical results, 2 separate recovery paths are distinguished: on the one hand, recovery can prevent the experience of stress because a well-recovered person can cope more easily with work demands; while on the other hand, recovery refills the depleted resources after confrontation with work strain and reduces stress experiences. Given that work strains is a main risk factor for LBP development, recovery in leisure time seems to be a highly relevant aspect, which has not been investigated to date in the field of LBP.
PMID: 26182921 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
What Messages Do Patients Remember? Relationship Among Patient Perception of Physical Therapist's Messages, Patient Characteristics, Satisfaction, and Outcome.
| Related Articles |
What Messages Do Patients Remember? Relationship Among Patient Perception of Physical Therapist's Messages, Patient Characteristics, Satisfaction, and Outcome.
Phys Ther. 2015 Jul 16;
Authors: Overmeer T, Boersma K
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Based on a behavioural medicine perspective, modern recommendations for physical therapists treating patients with spinal pain include performing a trustworthy physical examination, conveying the message that back pain is benign, and stressing that activity is a key to recovery. However, little evidence is available on how patients perceive these biopsychosocial messages and how a patient's perceptions of these messages relate to their recovery.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between perceptions of treatment delivery that are related to an evidence-based approach and psychological factors, treatment outcome and treatment satisfaction.
DESIGN: Cohort study with 3 measurement points METHODS: Data on a total of 281 patients was collected.
RESULTS: High catastrophizing and lower mood in patients were correlated to "Not perceiving the bio psychosocial message" measured 6 weeks after treatment start. Patients who didn't perceive the biopsychosocial message were at higher risk for disability and had lower treatment satisfaction 6 months after treatment start even when controlling for pretreatment pain intensity. "Not perceiving the biopsychosocial message" was not a mediator for treatment outcome and treatment satisfaction. Physical therapist's treatment orientation or attitudes were not related to the perception of the message by the patients.
LIMITATIONS: There was no measure of actual practice behaviour.
CONCLUSIONS: Maladaptive cognitions and negative emotions seem to affect the way information provided during treatment is perceived by patients. The way information is perceived by patients, influences treatment outcome and treatment satisfaction. Physical therapists are advised to check that patients with higher levels of catastrophizing and lower mood perceived and interpreted a biopsychosocial message in the way it was intended.
PMID: 26183588 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reappraisal mitigates overestimation of remembered pain in anxious individuals.
Reappraisal mitigates overestimation of remembered pain in anxious individuals.
Cogn Emot. 2015 Jul 20;:1-10
Authors: Hovasapian A, Levine LJ
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity, a trait characterised by fear of anxiety-related body sensations, has been linked to heightened attention to pain, appraising body sensations as threatening, and remembering threat-related information. We assessed whether individuals with greater anxiety sensitivity overestimate in remembering pain. We also assessed whether emotion regulation strategies that direct attention away from pain (distraction), or alter appraisals of pain (reappraisal), alleviate memory bias. Participants (N = 137) were randomly assigned to one of two emotion regulation conditions or to a control condition before taking part in a cold pressor task. Greater anxiety sensitivity was associated with overestimation in remembering pain. Engaging in reappraisal mitigated this memory bias but engaging in distraction did not. This is the first study to examine the relations among anxiety sensitivity, emotion regulation and memory for pain. The findings suggest that health-care practitioners can encourage reappraisal to promote more positive memories of procedural pain, particularly in patients high in anxiety sensitivity.
PMID: 26192160 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Pain: history, culture and philosophy.
Pain: history, culture and philosophy.
Acta Med Hist Adriat. 2015;13(1):113-130
Authors: Khan MA, Raza F, Khan IA
Abstract
Pain, one of the universals of existence, has a long and venerable history, its origin initially attributed to godly punishment for disbelievers; and, with improved understanding, to physical and psycho-social factors. "Pain is emotion or sensation?" has been a debatable issue. Razes developed pleasure-pain theory, founded on the theories of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Epicurus. Descartes' Dualism shifted the centre of pain from the heart to the brain but negated the psychological contribution to its pathogenesis. Gate Control Theory, fascinated with the idea of "neurological gates", highlighted the important role of the brain in dealing with the messages received. The International Association of the Study of Pain, in 1979, coined a definition of pain which is currently in use and was last updated on 6th October 2014. Its validity has been challenged and a new definition has been suggested. Whereas the experience is personalized, immeasurable and unsharable, different cultural groups react differently to pain from relative tolerance to over-reaction. Gender and ethnic differences in the perception of pain are well proven and the effects of various religious beliefs adequately scored. Despite extensive research over centuries, understanding of pain mechanisms is still far from optimal. Untiring efforts to identify a paincentre in the brain have been futile. Had it been possible, millions of pain sufferers would have been relieved of their physical agony and mental anguish by the prick of needle.
PMID: 26203543 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The pain of altruism.
| Related Articles |
The pain of altruism.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2014 Dec;18(12):615-7
Authors: Finlay BL, Syal S
Abstract
Sociality and cooperation are benefits to human cultures but may carry unexpected costs. We suggest that both the human experience of pain and the expression of distress may result from many causes not experienced as painful in our close primate relatives, because human ancestors motivated to ask for help survived in greater numbers than either the thick-skinned or the stoic.
PMID: 25200380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Saturday, July 25, 2015
Pain: Reappraising pain
the cognitive reappraisal of the painful stimulus in a process called'self-regulation'. Although
the sensory and affective qualities of pain are thought to be tracked by a set of regions ...
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How does pain lead to disability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies in people with back and nec...
However, it is unclear how disability develops in people with low back pain or neck pain.
More specifically, the mechanisms by which pain leads to disability are not well ...
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Can patients identify what triggers their back pain? Secondary analysis of a case-crossover study.
accurately nominate what triggered their new episode of sudden onset, acute low back pain
(LBP). We interviewed 999 primary care patients to record exposure to 12 standard ...
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Remembering the pain of childhood: applying a developmental perspective to the study of pain memories
psychologists and philosophers. 23, 30 The importance of memory for pain lies in its role in
pain assessment, 38 its powerful influence on subsequent pain experience, 15, 35 and its ...
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Role of endogenous pain modulation in chronic pain mechanisms and treatment
endogenous pain modulation in healthy controls and in patients yielded large body of data
over the last 2 decades. These tests can assist in predicting pain acquisition, in ...
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Are children the better placebo analgesia responders? An experimental approach
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Friday, July 24, 2015
Differential fMRI Activation Patterns to Noxious Heat and Tactile Stimuli in the Primate Spinal Cord.
Molecular and preclinical basis to inhibit PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 as a novel nonsteroidal therapy for endometriosis.
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STAT3-dependent reactive astrogliosis in the spinal dorsal horn underlies chronic itch.
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Elucidating an Affective Pain Circuit that Creates a Threat Memory.
Enhanced short-term sensitization of facial compared to limb heat pain.
The Pain Switch: An "ouch" detector.
Running from pain: mechanisms of exercise-mediated prevention of neuropathic pain.
Chloride dysregulation and inhibitory receptor blockade yield equivalent disinhibition of spinal neurons yet are differe...
G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits 1 and 2 are down-regulated in rat dorsal root ganglion ne...
Voluntary Exercise Training: Analysis of Mice in Uninjured, Inflammatory, and Nerve-Injured Pain States.
Wireless Optofluidic Systems for Programmable In Vivo Pharmacology and Optogenetics.
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Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated gene delivery of poreless TRPV1 channels reduces bladder overactivity and nocicepti...
Cerebellar Clustering and Functional Connectivity During Pain Processing.
Role of TRPV1 and ASIC3 channels in experimental occlusal interference-induced hyperalgesia in rat masseter muscle.
Group-based task-oriented exercises aimed at managing kinesiophobia improved disability in chronic low back pain.
Headache: Chronic migraine linked to reduced antioxidant capacity.
The pain receptor TRPV1 displays agonist-dependent activation stoichiometry.
Cognitive-behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain: A Cochrane Review.
Painful Bladder Filling and Painful Urgency Are Distinct Characteristics in Men and Women with Urologic Chronic Pelvic P...
Nuclear factor-kappa B regulates pain and COMT expression in a rodent model of inflammation.
Pain Catastrophising Affects Cortical Responses to Viewing Pain in Others.
Identification of lncRNA expression profile in the spinal cord of mice following spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropath...
Multiple Sensory Inputs Are Extensively Integrated to Modulate Nociception in C. elegans.
Sumatriptan Iontophoretic Transdermal System Reduces Treatment-Emergent Nausea and Is Effective in Patients With and Wit...
The association between chronic pain and obesity.
Pregabalin and placebo responders show different effects on central pain processing in chronic pancreatitis patients.
Use of localized human growth hormone and testosterone injections in addition to manual therapy and exercise for lower b...
Migraine and risk of stroke in older adults: Northern Manhattan Study.
Cross-tolerance to cannabinoids in morphine-tolerant rhesus monkeys.
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A165b prevents diabetic neuropathic pain and sensory neuronal degeneration.
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'I would not feel the pain if I were with you': Catalina Micaela and the Cycle of Pregnancy at the Court of Turin, 1585-1597
Using the correspondence of Catalina Micaela (1567–97), Duchess of Savoy, with her husband, Carlo Emanuele I as evidence, this article examines an early modern aristocratic woman's experience of and attitudes about pregnancy, childbirth, lactation and menstruation. Her letters reveal that some early modern women closely monitored their bodies and from their observations were able to detect pregnancy early—earlier than many scholars have thought—and to calculate their delivery dates with some precision. Her example also shows that their husbands and fathers could be closely involved in the world of pregnancy and childbirth and that, while other scholars have argued that the lying-in period empowered and liberated women, Catalina remained tied to her political responsibilities and was expected to return to her duties immediately after giving birth. Catalina's well-documented experience thus both enlarges and in some cases challenges the scholarly understanding of early modern pregnancy, childbirth and the confinement period.
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Sleep and pain sensitivity in adults
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Experimental pain processing in individuals with cognitive impairment: current state of the science
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Combination of morphine with nortriptyline for neuropathic pain
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Chronic widespread pain: clinical comorbidities and psychological correlates
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Thursday, July 23, 2015
Analysis of the anti-allodynic effects of combination of a synthetic cannabinoid and a selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor in nerve injury-induced neuropathic mice
Abstract
Background
Combining drugs not only reduces specific adverse effects of each of the drug at a higher dose but also may lead to enhanced efficacy. Tapentadol is a recently discovered analgesic possessing μ-opioid receptor agonism and noradrenaline re-uptake inhibition in a single molecule. Taking into consideration, the pharmacological similarities between opioids and cannabinoids, we assumed that combination of cannabinoids with noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors might also be effective. We therefore aimed to determine whether combining 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 fixed ratios of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 and the selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor maprotiline exert anti-allodynic synergy on nerve-injured neuropathic mice.
Methods
Partial tight ligation of the sciatic nerve was made in mice; on pre-operative and post-operative 15 days basal mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and motor function were assessed using von Frey filaments, hot/cold plate and rota rod apparatus.
Results
Mechanical and cold allodynia developed in all groups on post-operative 15 days. Development of cold allodynia was statistically significant in all groups (p < 0.05); therefore, cold allodynia was used in combination studies. As shown by isobolographic analysis, interactions of 1:1 and 3:1 ratios of WIN 55,212-2:maprotiline combinations were supra-additive, whereas 1:3 ratio was sub-additive.
Conclusions
Overall, our data suggest that combination of a cannabinoid with a selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor may offer a beneficial treatment option for neuropathic pain.
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Wednesday, July 22, 2015
Measuring therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: preliminary development and validation of the Treatment-induced Neuropathy Assessment Scale (TNAS)
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Perils of weight loss activities
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Tuesday, July 21, 2015
Role of TRPV1 and ASIC3 channels in experimental occlusal interference-induced hyperalgesia in rat masseter muscle
Abstract
Background
Masticatory muscle pain may occur following immediate occlusal alteration by dental treatment. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) and acid-sensing ion channel-3 (ASIC3) mediate muscle hyperalgesia under various pathologic conditions. We have developed a rat model of experimental occlusal interference (EOI) that consistently induces mechanical hyperalgesia in jaw muscles. Whether TRPV1 and ASIC3 mediate this EOI-induced hyperalgesia is unknown.
Methods
Rat model of EOI-induced masseter hyperalgesia was established. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and retrograde labelling combined with immunofluorescence were performed to evaluate the modulation of TRPV1 and ASIC3 expression in trigeminal ganglia (TGs) and masseter afferents of rats after EOI. The effects of intramuscular administration of TRPV1 and ASIC3 antagonists on the EOI-induced hyperalgesia in masseter muscle were examined.
Results
After EOI, gene expressions and protein levels of TRPV1 and ASIC3 in bilateral TGs were up-regulated. The percentage of ASIC3- (but not TRPV1-) positive neurons in masseter afferents increased after EOI. More small-sized and small to medium-sized masseter afferents expressed TRPV1 and ASIC3 separately following EOI. These changes peaked at day 7 and then returned to original status within 10 days after EOI. Intramuscular administration of the TRPV1 antagonist AMG-9810 partially reversed this mechanical hyperalgesia in masseter muscle. No improvement was exhibited after administration of the ASIC3 antagonist APETx2. Co-injection of AMG-9810 and APETx2 enhanced the effect of AMG-9810 administration alone.
Conclusions
Peripheral TRPV1 and ASIC3 contribute to the development of the EOI-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in masseter muscle.
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Group-based task-oriented exercises aimed at managing kinesiophobia improved disability in chronic low back pain
Abstract
Background
There are still doubts concerning the clinical impact of multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural rehabilitation programmes conducted in group-based settings and about their long-term effects on subjects with chronic low back pain (CLBP). This randomized, parallel-group superiority-controlled trial aimed at evaluating the effect of such a programme on disability, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, pain and quality of life in CLBP.
Methods
One hundred and fifty patients were randomly assigned to a 5-week group-based multidisciplinary programme of task-oriented exercises integrated with cognitive behavioural therapy mainly aimed at managing kinesiophobia (experimental group, 75 subjects) or group-based traditional exercises (control group, 75 subjects). Before treatment, 5 weeks later (post-treatment), 12 and 24 months after the end of treatment, the Oswestry Disability Index, the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, a pain Numerical Rating Scale and the Short Form Health Survey were assessed. A linear mixed model for repeated measures was used for each outcome measure.
Results
Significant group (p < 0.001), time (p < 0.001) and time-by-group interaction (p < 0.001) effects were found on disability, with a between-group difference (95% confidence interval) after training in favour of the experimental group of −10 (−12; −8). Also kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, pain, and quality of life improved to a significantly greater extent in the experimental group. The improvements of the experimental group were maintained at follow-ups.
Conclusion
This light group-based multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural rehabilitation programme was superior to traditional exercises in reducing disability, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and enhancing the quality of life of subjects with CLBP. The effects lasted for at least 2 years after the end of the intervention.
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Moving towards conscious pain processing detection in chronic disorder of consciousness: the Anterior Cingulate Cortex neuromodulation
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Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Patients with Acute Low Back Pain
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Monday, July 20, 2015
Somatization is associated with worse outcome in a chiropractic patient population with neck pain and low back pain
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Friday, July 17, 2015
Comparison of Psoas Major Muscle Thickness During Active Straight Leg Raise in Subjects With and Without Uncontrolled Lumbopelvic rotation
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The Migraine Brain in Transition: Girls versus Boys.
Intrathecal bone marrow stromal cells inhibit neuropathic pain via TGF-β secretion.
Chronic Back Pain Is Associated with Alterations in Dopamine Neurotransmission in the Ventral Striatum.
Nocebo Context Modulates Long-term Habituation to Heat Pain and Influences Functional Connectivity of the Operculum.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the ability of analgesic drugs to reduce metastasis in experimental cancer mode...
Experimental pain processing in individuals with cognitive impairment: current state of the science.
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